施恩职业测试(Edgar H. Schein)

　　职业锚（Career Anchors）是指个体在职业选择和发展过程中，基于自身的价值观、动机和才能所形成的稳定且核心的职业倾向。施恩认为，职业锚是个人职业决策的“锚点”，它帮助个体在面对职业选择时，能够清晰地识别出哪些职业路径与自己的内在需求最为契合。

　　Career Anchors refer to the stable and core career tendencies formed by individuals based on their values, motivations, and talents during career selection and development. Schein believed that career anchors serve as the "anchor points" for personal career decisions, helping individuals clearly identify which career paths align best with their intrinsic needs when faced with career choices.

　　职业锚的形成 / Formation of Career Anchors

　　施恩提出，职业锚的形成是一个动态的过程，通常发生在个体职业生涯的早期阶段。通过实际工作经验、自我反思和外部反馈，个体逐渐认识到自己在职业中最看重的是什么，从而形成稳定的职业锚。职业锚一旦形成，便会对个体的职业选择和发展产生深远的影响。

　　Schein proposed that the formation of career anchors is a dynamic process, typically occurring in the early stages of an individual's career. Through practical work experience, self-reflection, and external feedback, individuals gradually recognize what they value most in their careers, thereby forming stable career anchors. Once formed, career anchors have a profound impact on an individual's career choices and development.

　　职业锚的类型 / Types of Career Anchors

　　施恩最初提出了五种职业锚类型，后来扩展为八种。这八种职业锚类型分别是：

　　Schein initially proposed five types of career anchors, later expanding them to eight. These eight types are:

　　1.技术/职能型（Technical/Functional Competence）：这类人倾向于在某一特定领域内发展专业技能，追求技术上的卓越。

　　Individuals with this anchor tend to develop professional skills in a specific field, pursuing technical excellence.

　　2.管理型（General Managerial Competence）：这类人渴望承担管理责任，追求在组织中获得领导职位。

　　These individuals aspire to take on managerial responsibilities and pursue leadership positions within organizations.

　　3.自主/独立型（Autonomy/Independence）：这类人重视工作的自主性和独立性，希望能够在不受过多约束的环境中工作。

　　These individuals value autonomy and independence in their work, preferring environments with minimal constraints.

　　4.安全/稳定型（Security/Stability）：这类人追求职业的稳定性和安全性，倾向于选择有保障的工作。

　　These individuals seek career stability and security, preferring jobs with guaranteed security.

　　5.创业型（Entrepreneurial Creativity）：这类人具有强烈的创业精神，渴望创建自己的事业或组织。

　　These individuals have a strong entrepreneurial spirit and desire to create their own ventures or organizations.

　　6.服务/奉献型（Service/Dedication to a Cause）：这类人希望通过工作为社会或他人做出贡献，追求有意义的工作。

　　These individuals hope to contribute to society or others through their work, pursuing meaningful careers.

　　7.纯粹挑战型（Pure Challenge）：这类人喜欢面对复杂和具有挑战性的任务，追求不断克服困难的过程。

　　These individuals enjoy tackling complex and challenging tasks, pursuing the process of overcoming difficulties.

　　8.生活方式型（Lifestyle）：这类人重视工作与生活的平衡，希望在职业和家庭生活之间找到和谐。

　　These individuals value work-life balance and seek harmony between their careers and family life.

　　测试结构 / Test Structure

　　施恩职业测试通常包含一系列问题，旨在评估个体在不同职业锚类型上的倾向。测试问题涵盖了工作动机、职业价值观、职业目标等方面。测试者需要根据自己的实际情况，对每个问题进行评分或选择。

　　Schein's Career Anchors Test typically consists of a series of questions designed to assess an individual's tendencies across different career anchor types. The questions cover work motivation, career values, and career goals. Test-takers are required to rate or choose based on their actual circumstances.

　　测试方法 / Test Methodology

　　施恩职业测试可以采用自评量表的形式进行。测试者需要根据自己在工作中的实际感受和偏好，对每个问题进行评分。测试结果通常会显示测试者在各个职业锚类型上的得分，从而帮助测试者识别出自己最核心的职业锚。

　　The test can be conducted in the form of a self-assessment scale. Test-takers need to rate each question based on their actual feelings and preferences at work. The results typically show the scores for each career anchor type, helping individuals identify their core career anchor.

　　测试结果解读 / Interpretation of Test Results

　　测试结果通常以图表或分数的形式呈现，显示测试者在各个职业锚类型上的得分。得分最高的职业锚类型即为测试者的核心职业锚。测试者可以根据测试结果，进一步了解自己的职业倾向和价值观，从而在职业选择和发展中做出更加明智的决策。

　　The test results are usually presented in the form of charts or scores, showing the individual's scores for each career anchor type. The highest-scoring career anchor type is the individual's core career anchor. Based on the results, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of their career tendencies and values, enabling them to make more informed decisions in career selection and development.

　　施恩职业测试是一种重要的职业评估问卷，帮助个体识别其职业选择中的核心驱动力和价值观。通过测试，个体可以更加清晰地了解自己的职业倾向，从而在职业生涯规划和发展中做出更加明智的决策。然而，职业锚测试并非完美无缺，使用时应结合其他评估方法和实际工作经验，以确保测试结果的准确性和有效性。未来，随着职业生涯规划和组织发展的不断深入，施恩职业测试将继续发挥其重要作用，为个体和组织的职业发展提供有力支持。

　　Schein's Career Anchors Test is an important career assessment tool that helps individuals identify the core drivers and values behind their career choices. Through the test, individuals can gain a clearer understanding of their career tendencies, enabling them to make more informed decisions in career planning and development. However, the test is not without flaws and should be used in conjunction with other assessment methods and practical work experience to ensure accuracy and validity. In the future, as career planning and organizational development continue to evolve, Schein's Career Anchors Test will remain a vital tool, providing strong support for individual and organizational career development.

　　参考文献 / References

　　1. Schein, E. H. (1978). *Career Dynamics: Matching Individual and Organizational Needs*. Addison-Wesley.

　　2. Schein, E. H. (1990). *Career Anchors: Discovering Your Real Values*. Pfeiffer & Company.

　　3. Schein, E. H. (1996). Career Anchors Revisited: Implications for Career Development in the 21st Century. *Academy of Management Executive*, 10(4), 80-88.

　　4. Feldman, D. C., & Bolino, M. C. (1996). Careers within careers: Reconceptualizing the nature of career anchors and their consequences. *Human Resource Management Review*, 6(2), 89-112.